Empirical hormonal treatments for idiopathic male infertility: a network meta-analysis comparing antiestrogens and FSH.
Both SERMs and FSH improve sperm concentration and count compared to placebo. Clomiphene at low doses and high-dose FSH may offer the greatest benefit. These findings support a personalized empirical treatment approach and emphasize the need for future trials stratified by clinical phenotype, such as the recently proposed APHRODITE criteria.
Authors
- Daniele Santi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6607-7105)
- Arcangelo Barbonetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-9585)
- Francesco Pallotti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6042-6474)
- Daniele Tienforti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9359-7955)
- Giorgia Spaggiari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-7330)
Institutions
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- Università degli Studi di Enna Kore (IT)
- University of L'Aquila (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- PubMed
- Published
- 2025-11-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvaf246
- Primary Topic
- Ovarian function and disorders
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00