Advances in Molecular Structures, Design, Synthesis, and Modification of Antimicrobial Peptides

The misuse of antibiotics has led to an increase in the existence of superbugs, with a concurrent rise in drug resistance rates. Therefore, given the current situation, there is an urgent need to identify new antimicrobial agents and develop novel therapeutic strategies. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a newly discovered class of antimicrobial substances, have emerged as small molecular peptide chains exhibiting broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Meanwhile, over the past few decades, extensive research and the application of antimicrobial peptides have led to a surge in studies investigating the molecular structure, design, and modifications to the synthesis of AMPs. Initially, this paper delineates the sources, structures, and mechanisms of action of AMPs, providing a foundation for subsequent studies. Subsequently, this study focuses on the design and synthetic modification of the molecular structure of AMPs, including modifications through chemical synthesis methods and improvements via genetic engineering and biotechnological approaches, to enhance the associated antimicrobial activity, stability, and reduce biotoxicity. This review serves as a reference for further research into AMP design and synthesis.