Integrating 3D printing technology in Ayurvedic pharmacy: A step towards personalized medicine

ABSTRACT: Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medical system, focuses on health through the personalized balancing of three fundamental biological energies ( Vata, Pitta , and Kapha ). Its treatment protocols are personalized, taking into account the individual’s Prakriti (~somatic constitution), lifestyle, and the nature of the disease. Although it is widely practiced with reported therapeutic benefits, present-day practice faces challenges such as complex multi-drug regimens, low patient compliance due to the bitterness or bulkiness of traditional formulations, and difficulties for visually impaired or pediatric patients in medicine identification and administration. Three-Dimensional (3D) printing technology offers innovative solutions by enabling precise customization of dosage, shape, flavor, and integration of suitable Anupana (~co-administers), thereby facilitating multidrug combinations in a single, patient-friendly unit and potentially improving compliance and therapeutic outcomes. This narrative review critically examines advances in 3D printing technology within the pharmaceutical sector and its hypothetical application in Ayurvedic pharmacy. The article discusses prospects for addressing drug delivery challenges, enhancing patient-centric care, and bridging Traditional Knowledge with modern technology, while highlighting knowledge gaps and necessary steps for standardization and clinical validation. Notably, direct experimental studies or regulatory frameworks for 3D-printed Ayurvedic medicines remain unavailable; further research is needed to establish feasibility, safety, and acceptance in clinical contexts.