Adverse events with usage of human growth hormone: a review

Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) has long been used to promote growth in both children and adults. While its benefits on height and weight gain are well-documented, concerns remain regarding potential adverse effects. This scoping review analyzes placebo-controlled prospective clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, and retrospective studies conducted between January 2013 and December 2024. Here, over summarized 90 studies examine the effects of GH on indices of growth and strength in both pediatric and adult populations. Although GH therapy has shown efficacy in promoting physical growth, it has also been associated with significant adverse events, including cardiac dysfunction and cerebrovascular disease. By summarizing the adverse outcomes reported in recent studies, this review aims to inform clinical decision-making and improve the safety of GH therapy in future patient care.