The arginase-polyamine signaling axis in immune cells: Implications for immune modulation and host-pathogen interactions

The immune system employs complex metabolic pathways to regulate host-pathogen interactions. Among these, the arginase-polyamine axis is a crucial modulator of both innate and adaptive immunity. Despite significant progress, the precise roles and regulatory mechanisms governing the arginase-polyamine axis in immune cell function remain incompletely understood. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the arginase-polyamine axis, highlighting its role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preserving the functional integrity of various immune cell types. Furthermore, we discuss the strategies used by diverse pathogens to manipulate this pathway, facilitating the creation of immunosuppressive microenvironments that promote their intracellular survival and replication in the host. Finally, we highlight the potential of innovative therapeutic strategies that target arginase-polyamine signaling pathways, which can effectively modulate immune responses in the context of infectious diseases.