Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Rapid advancement of nanotechnology and the increasing demand for nanomaterials (including those of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs)) require the development of cost-effective and environmentally friendly synthesis methods. Green chemistry and its synthesis methods are an effective solution to this challenge. They enable the production of metal oxide NPs of various compositions, structures, and sizes with minimal environmental impact. Diverse green synthesis methods and reagents allow for the selection of the most cost-effective options for various regions. Modern green chemistry methods to produce and stabilize metal oxide NPs of copper, zinc, zirconium, iron, and titanium are considered in this review. Their advantages, disadvantages, and potential future developments are discussed. The properties and practical applications of metal oxide NPs obtained with green chemistry methods are also described.