A new dimension in wood anatomy education: exploring softwood and hardwood structures in 3D

Understanding the hierarchical and three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of wood is crucial for applications and advanced studies in wood science. However, teaching and learning this intricate anatomy can be challenging at times when relying solely on traditional two-dimensional (2D) teaching materials. To address this challenge, this article introduces a comprehensive 3D in situ visualization of softwood and hardwood structures using X-ray micro-computed tomography. Two types of visualization, full-structure and lumen-based 3D renderings, were used to exemplify the spatial morphology and features of the main anatomical structures, including tracheids, parenchyma cells, vessels, fibers, and inorganic inclusions. To complement these illustrations, selected features were also measured in 3D to describe their shape and dimensions. This article is intended as a reference resource for students, providing insights into how wood structures appear in three dimensions, and for lecturers as a supplement resource to create engaging teaching materials. Supplementary images and 3D models of wood structures are included in this article, which can be used as an advanced and supplementary toolkit for interactive viewing or 3D printing in various educational settings. This approach aims to foster the greater accessibility, interest, and understanding of the 3D wood anatomy for both students and lecturers.