Unraveling the complexity of associations between tobacco culture in Chinese society and smokers' outcome expectancies: a network perspective

In this study, social facilitation outcome expectancies were central in the combined network of social tobacco cultural attitudes and smoking outcome expectancies, showing a direct and positive link to multiple tobacco cultural attitudes. This finding illustrates how sociocultural factors are interconnected with individual expectancies of smoking outcomes, identifying the central positioning of social facilitation expectancies variables within the sociocultural attitudes-outcome expectancies network. These insights provide new perspectives for developing culturally adaptive tobacco control interventions, such as reshaping tobacco cultural symbols to promote "smoke-free weddings" and "refusing cigarette gifts."