Precise charge-state distribution of projectile ions through solid targets

The charge-state distribution (CSD) of the projectile ions through solid targets in the intermediate energy range ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:mn>1</a:mn> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mi>MeV</a:mi> <a:mo>/</a:mo> <a:mi mathvariant="normal">u</a:mi> <a:mo>&lt;</a:mo> <a:mi>E</a:mi> <a:mo>&lt;</a:mo> <a:mn>4</a:mn> <a:mtext> </a:mtext> <a:mi>MeV</a:mi> <a:mo>/</a:mo> <a:mi mathvariant="normal">u</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:math> ) has a major impact on the collision of the ion atom and accelerator physics. We explore the mean charge states taken from the empirical formula [G. Schiwietz , Femtosecond dynamics–snapshots of the early ion-track evolution, ] are only good for projectile ions with <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <e:msub> <e:mi>Z</e:mi> <e:mn>1</e:mn> </e:msub> <e:mo>≤</e:mo> <e:mn>16</e:mn> </e:math> . To solve this issue, we develop a model in which instead of a single formula, if we employ four formulas, the comparative picture between experimental and empirical data becomes impressive. Furthermore, the CSDs obatained using the mean charge state and the Gaussian distribution function having distribution width as given by Novikov and Teplove [Methods of estimation of equilibrium charge distribution of ions in solid and gaseous media, , 1286 (2014)] show good agreement with the experimentally measured CSDs for the entire range of projectile ions. We believe that accurate CSDs will be highly useful for both ion-atom collision and accelerator physics.