Promoting Responsible DeepSeek Deployment in Health Care: Scoping Review Comparing Grey and White Literature

This is one of the first scoping reviews to reveal the rapid, widespread deployment of DeepSeek in China's leading hospitals, primarily for clinical decision support. The deployment of DeepSeek in China's leading hospitals poses potential risks to patient outcomes and safety. We highlight the urgent need for existing regulations to be expanded to downstream developers and users to promote the responsible use of LLMs in health care. Hospitals need to use a more rigorous validation process and adopt a more transparent reporting policy. The main limitations of this review include the restriction to top-tier hospitals and the inherent constraints of gray literature. These factors should be considered when interpreting the findings.