Bi-Level Route Optimization and Path Planning with Hazard Exploration

Effective risk monitoring in dynamic environments such as disaster zones requires an adaptive exploration strategy to detect hidden threats. We propose a bilevel unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) monitoring strategy that efficiently integrates high-level route optimization with low-level path planning for known and unknown hazards. At the high level, we formulate the route optimization as a vehicle routing problem (VRP) to determine the optimal sequence for visiting known hazard locations. To strategically incorporate exploration efficiency, we introduce an edge-based centroidal Voronoi tessellation (CVT), which refines baseline routes using pseudo-nodes and allocates path budgets based on the UAV’s battery capacity using a line segment Voronoi diagram. At the low level, path planning maximizes information gain within the allocated path budget by generating kinematically feasible B-spline trajectories. Bayesian inference is applied to dynamically update hazard probabilities, enabling the UAVs to prioritize unexplored regions. Simulation results demonstrate that edgebased CVT improves spatial coverage and route uniformity compared to the node-based method. Additionally, our optimized path planning consistently outperforms baselines in hazard discovery rates across a diverse set of scenarios.