Transformative trends: Population growth, social dynamics and range expansion of Asiatic Lions in Gujarat, India

The Asiatic lion represents one of the most successful conservation recoveries among large carnivores across the globe. Findings from the 16th lion population estimation assessed abundance using minimal total count, distribution, habitat use, and social organisation of lions. Using a robust multi-step methodology involving 3254 trained personnel, individual identification was achieved through body markings, and duplication handling was conducted via direct observations and artificial intelligence (SIMBA), resulting in an estimated total of 891 lions. Of these, 196 were adult males, 330 adult females, 140 sub-adults, and 225 cubs. The population increased by 32.20 % then 2020 (n = 674). Simultaneously, the range of lions expanded to approximately 35,000 km², a 16.67 % increase since 2020. The landscape now comprises a core and nine satellite populations, including newly recolonised habitats such as Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, which now holds 17 lions after nearly 146 years. Habitat use analysis revealed the highest lion presence in forests, followed by wastelands and agricultural lands, with minimal use of built-up areas. The social structure remains female-biased (adult males: females = 1:1.68), with a strong cub cohort and balanced sub-adult segment, indicating long-term demographic stability. This conservation success has been underpinned by government commitment, strong political will, community support, adaptive management in multi-use landscapes, robust protection, and systematic long-term monitoring of lions and their prey base. Collectively, these findings highlight the resilience of Asiatic lions and the importance of sustained conservation vigilance to ensure the long-term persistence of this iconic species.