Myocutaneous Flaps and Muscle Flaps for Management of Limbs’ Defects in Dogs and Cats: A Review

The objective of the present study is to review the anatomical considerations, surgical techniques, clinical applications, and outcomes of myocutaneous and muscle flaps used in the reconstruction of limb defects in dogs and cats. Limb wounds in small animals often result from trauma, neoplasia, or infection and can involve significant soft tissue loss. Reconstruction of these defects is challenging due to limited local skin availability, particularly in distal regions, and the need to preserve function while preventing complications. Muscle and myocutaneous flaps provide well-vascularized tissue suitable for covering complex wounds, especially those with exposed bone, joints, or tendons. This review synthesizes current literature on commonly used flaps—including latissimus dorsi, cutaneous trunci, trapezius, sartorius, semitendinosus, and flexor carpi ulnaris; focusing on their anatomical basis, vascular supply, arc of rotation, surgical technique, indications, and complication rates. Comparative data between dogs and cats are highlighted, and experimental as well as clinical applications are discussed. Myocutaneous flaps offer durable and reliable coverage with lower infection and necrosis rates compared to skin grafts, particularly in contaminated or poorly vascularized wounds. Common complications include distal flap necrosis, wound dehiscence, seroma, and, occasionally, functional deficits. Muscle and myocutaneous flaps remain essential tools in limb reconstruction. Successful outcomes require careful flap planning, surgical expertise, and vigilant postoperative care. Further prospective studies are needed to optimize flap selection and reduce complication rates in both species.