Highly Efficient Visible Light Thermo-Photo Catalytic Water Splitting over Ru/Black TiO ₂

Photocatalytic hydrogen production using solar energy represents a sustainable approach to addressing the dual challenges of fossil fuel dependence and global energy demand. Despite extensive research, the efficiency of visible-light-driven water splitting remains limited, hindering practical application. In this work, we demonstrate a high-performance thermo-photo catalytic system using Ru/black TiO2 which achieves an impressive hydrogen production rate of 307 mmol·g–1·h–1 under visible light at 300 °C. An apparent quantum efficiency (QE) of 82% was measured across the full visible spectrum, surpassing most previously reported values.