Sustainable biodiesel production from Ceiba pentandra (Kapok): a scientometric and technological assessment with performance, emission insights, and future challenges

Ceiba pentandra (Kapok) has gained significant attention as a promising non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of Ceiba pentandra as an efficient biodiesel producer, including various aspects of cultivation, oil extraction, conversion processes, and future development. A scientometric analysis highlights the growing research interest in this area, while the geographical distribution and requirements of the plant site are discussed to illustrate its global availability. The review also discusses Ceiba pentandra's adaptability and growth potential in diverse environments, its oil extraction methodologies, and its suitability for biodiesel production. It evaluates various techniques, examines their efficiency, and analyzes the effects on engine performance. The economic feasibility analysis assesses commercial potential and its role in sustainable development. Furthermore, the role of Ceiba pentandra in supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as clean energy and climate action, is explored. Current industry developments and future prospects, including advances in conversion technologies and supply chain optimization, are discussed. The review highlights the need for continued research and investment to realize Ceiba pentandra's potential as a sustainable biodiesel source.