Formulation and characterization of lutein laden gel via nasal delivery: nasal permeation, and pharmacokinetic studies

The formulated lutein-laden liposomes showed a particle size, polydispersity index, and encapsulation efficiency of 71.8 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>±</mml:mo></mml:math> 6.4 nm, 0.327 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>±</mml:mo></mml:math> 0.007, and 95.59 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>±</mml:mo></mml:math> 3.03%, respectively. The permeation studies on goat nasal mucosa revealed drug permeation from the lutein-laden liposomal <i>in situ</i> gel and fivefold higher permeation than the lutein solution-based <i>in situ</i> gel. The drug targeting efficiency of the developed formulation was 372.80%. The pharmacokinetic study of the developed formulation administered via the nasal route showed a twofold higher C_max and a 1.7-fold higher AUC than the drug suspension administered via the oral route. The histopathological analysis indicated that the developed formulation was safe. Thus, intranasal delivery of lutein could surpass poor oral bioavailability and be studied for managing AD and its symptoms using an intranasal delivery-based brain-targeted approach.