The use of WPC components in buildings: a circularity perspective

Over 20 years of theoretical studies and practical applications have enabled some Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) to achieve outstanding durability, stability, and performance. Originated from secondary raw materials, such as selected wood and plastic scraps, WPCs contribute to resource conservation by reducing the demand for virgin materials and facilitating the recovery of plastic and wood waste, offering significant environmental benefits. At the end of their service life, WPCs can be milled and extruded multiple times to form new profiles with the same properties as the originals. This complete recyclability and renewability make WPCs an exemplary model of circularity. This study proposes new approaches to optimize the use of WPC components in buildings, with the dual objective of improving environmental performance and reducing life cycle costs. Environmental data for WPC components were obtained from environmental product declarations (EPDs) and from an Italian company that controls the process of production, design and installation of WPC elements and façade components. A specific case study focuses on replacing WPC facade cladding with new components, recycling the material from the dismantled elements and reintroducing it into production for reuse in other facades. The dismantled components are sent to the factory to be shredded and extruded into new profiles. A production waste collection system is also introduced as part of the strategy, promoting a closed cycle of material before and during construction. The eco-design approach is examined with reference to façade and floor panel systems made with WPC elements. The results indicate that the proposed strategies enable greater cost savings and a lower environmental impact compared to conventional WPC recycling practices.