Effect of Food Migrations of PEEK-Modified Atmosphere Packaging Materials on Mitochondrial Damage via PGC-1α/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

Poly Ether-Ether Ketone (PEEK) is used in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for fruit and vegetable preservation, but raises health concerns. This study investigated the effects of PEEK food migrations on liver cell mitochondrial damage. Food simulants (95% ethanol, 10% ethanol, and 4% acetic acid) were used for migration tests according to guideline recommendations, and liver cells were treated with PEEK food migrations for 24 h. Results showed decreased cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), and down-regulated PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway-related genes (Sirt1, PGC-1α, NRF1, Nrf2, TFAM). Furthermore, these alterations were reversed, and mitochondrial damage was alleviated by the addition of the PGC-1α activator ZLN005. In conclusion, high PEEK concentrations induce mitochondrial toxicity in liver cells via the PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway, posing health risks and necessitating safe dosage limits in food packaging.