Different types of working after retirement on the changes in cognitive function among taiwanese retirees: 3-year follow-up study

These findings highlight heterogeneity in the associations between working after retirement and cognitive aging, with potential benefits of full-time work concentrated among lower-educated retirees. However, the lack of consistent effects across sensitivity analyses indicates the need for cautious interpretation. Future research should employ longer follow-ups and causal inference methods to better clarify the mechanisms. Policies should recognize that maintaining cognitive health requires not only employment opportunities but also broader support for diverse forms of engagement, such as social participation, across the lifespan.