Urban Seismology: A Homogenization Perspective on Site–City and Site–Foundation–City Interaction

ABSTRACT We revisit site–city interaction (SCI) within the framework of a two-scale homogenization model verified through direct numerical simulations for an idealized geometry consisting of an infinite city and sedimentary basin. The proposed model extends previous investigations by systematically accounting for the collective influence of buildings on seismic wave propagation. We further generalize the homogenization approach to incorporate building foundations at various depths, highlighting their impact on resonance phenomena. These findings provide new insights into urban seismic wavefield and offer a simplified yet effective framework for assessing city–scale wave motion in complex site–foundation–city configurations.