Electromagnetic coupling interference modeling of high-speed railway track circuits: implications for wireless sensor networks in industry 4.0 IoT

Electromagnetic compatibility is a key challenge in large-scale industrial wireless sensor networks, particularly in safety-critical domains such as high-speed railway systems. In this study, we investigate the electromagnetic radiation coupling interference problem of parallel track circuits in high-speed railway stations, which can be viewed as a representative case of dense sensor networks in Industry 4.0 IoT. A comprehensive simulation model is established, incorporating rail self-impedance, mutual impedance, and circuit-level coupling mechanisms. The results demonstrate that line spacing, parallel length, operating frequency, and tuning zone configuration are dominant factors influencing interference intensity. These findings not only provide theoretical support for railway electromagnetic interference protection, but also offer methodological insights into interference modeling, network reliability enhancement, and electromagnetic compatibility design for large-scale wireless sensor networks in Industry 4.0 scenarios such as smart transportation and intelligent manufacturing.