Technologies in minimally invasive treatment of severe mitral regurgitation

Mitral valve regurgitation is the second most common valve defect in Europe among adults. Primary mitral regurgitation (MR) results from structural abnormalities of the valve apparatus (e.g., leaflet prolapse, chordae rupture), often due to myxomatous degeneration or congenital defects. Secondary MR arises from left ventricular remodeling (e.g., after myocardial infarction or heart failure), leading to functional valve incompetence despite normal valve structure. The choice of treatment depends on the degree of valve regurgitation and the severity of the patient's clinical symptoms. The focus herein is on discussing the anatomy of the mitral valve, the pathophysiology of regurgitation, and diagnostic methods. The qualification process is then outlined for invasive treatment and various methods of mitral valve repair, including new minimally invasive techniques. Transcatheter mitral valve repair methods are discussed, among other methods, "edge-to-edge" repair and transcatheter mitral valve replacement. Publicly available data confirms that the latter is a widely available and safe treatment method, that represents a promising alternative to surgical treatment.