Improving Sustainability in Logistics Through Artificial Intelligence and Distributed Ledger Technologies

As global pressure increases for sustainable and transparent supply chains, logistics organisations are exploring ways to strengthen environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed ledger technologies (DLT) contribute to ESG integration in logistics. The study applies a qualitative desk research approach based on secondary data from 2017–2025, including sustainability reports, port authority publications, and the industry press. The comparative case analysis covers four Baltic logistics actors: the Port of Klaipėda (Lithuania), Vlantana (Lithuania), the Freeport of Riga/ Baltic Container Terminal (Latvia), and HHLA TK Estonia (Estonia). The findings show that Klaipėda’s LNG, OPS, and hydrogen projects enhance environmental outcomes; the Vlantana Norge case exposes social and governance compliance risks; and Riga and Tallinn demonstrate governance-oriented digitalisation through 5G networks and blockchain documentation. AI primarily supports efficiency and risk detection, while DLT secures the transparency and auditability of ESG data. Together, they function as complementary enablers of ESG reporting, though broader adoption requires regulatory alignment, interoperability, and investment in the digital infrastructure.