Biomonitoring of heavy metal exposure and determinants of occupational risk in welders in Arba Minch Ethiopia

Welding activities release potentially toxic elements (PTEs) that pose serious health risks, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia, where occupational safety is often inadequate. This study assessed heavy metal exposure among welders in Arba Minch Town using fingernail samples. Fingernails collected from 35 welders and 18 non-welders were analyzed for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the association between metal levels and factors such as age, work experience, substance use, PPE use, and exposure duration. Welders had significantly higher levels of Pb, Ni, Cu, and Mn (p < 0.05) compared to non-welders. Age and work experience were strong predictors of Pb accumulation (p < 0.01). Tobacco smoking and khat chewing were associated with elevated Pb, Ni, and Cd levels, whereas regular PPE use was associated with lower Pb and Cu concentrations. These findings accentuate the need for continuous biomonitoring and improved safety practices to mitigate occupational exposure risks among welders in Arba Minch.