Thermo-reversible gelation of self-assembled conducting polymer colloids
Electrically conductive hydrogels based on conducting polymers have found increased use in bioelectronics due to their low moduli that mimic biological tissues, their ability to transport both ionic and electronic charges, and their ease of processing in various form factors via printing or injection. Current approaches towards conductive hydrogels, however, rely on covalent and therefore irreversible crosslinking mechanisms. Here, we report a thermo-responsive conducting polymer (TR-CP) that undergoes a fully reversible non-covalent crosslinking at 35 °C within less than a minute to form conductive hydrogels. The TR-CP is based on a block polyelectrolyte complex, that self-assembles into well-defined colloidal particles in water which undergo an isovolumetric sol-gel transition just below physiological temperature. The hydrogels have tunable mechanical properties in the 20 to 200 Pa range, are stable at various pH and salt conditions, self-healing, injectable, and biocompatible in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that the TR-CPs can be used to fabricate sensitive, conformal and reusable electrodes for surface electromyography. This thermo-responsive material provides exciting opportunities for stimuli-responsive and adaptive bioelectronics.
Authors
- Dan My Nguyen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8866-6602)
- Ruiheng Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2666-6110)
- Xinran Xie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1273-8542)
- Masoud Ghasemi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6597-5050)
- Laure V. Kayser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7143-2677)
- Rachel E. Daso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-4819)
- Weiran Xie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-2411)
- Christopher Lorch
- Ai-Nin Yang
- Enrique D. Gomez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8942-4480)
- Yuhang Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-8181)
- Khushboo Suman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2342-5744)
- Darrin J. Pochan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0454-2339)
- Jonathan Rivnay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6485)
- Calvin L. Chao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-3351)
- Julian E. Alberto
- Kayla Otero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8511-5629)
- Tulaja Shrestha
- Vidhika S. Damani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3228-4194)
- Chun‐Yuan Lo
Institutions
- Northwestern University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IN)
- University of Delaware (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2025-12-05
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66034-x
- Primary Topic
- Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- U.S. Department of Commerce
- University of Delaware Research Foundation
- University of Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania State University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Office of Science
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Harvard University
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- Division of Materials Research
- Division of Chemistry
- Biological and Environmental Research
- Army Research Office
- Brookhaven National Laboratory