Nature-inspired solutions: semiochemical, botanical, and microbial tools, for mosquito management

Abstract One of the greatest risks humanity faces is the threat posed by mosquitoes of medical importance. Mosquitoes’ risk is enhanced by their increasing resistance to synthetic insecticides, which presents a critical concern to conventional control programs and human health and environmental safety. Given the urgent need for effective and sustainable alternatives, we need commercial products that simultaneously offer environmental sustainability, availability, and affordability. In this review, we examine and evaluate a range of substances with potential applications in mosquito monitoring and control strategies, including molecules produced by mosquitoes themselves, as well as compounds of both organic and inorganic origin. The lethal and sublethal effects of botanical and microbial insecticides such as essential oils and plant or bacterial extracts are discussed, with emphasis on their activity as ovicides, larvicides, adulticides, repellents, or oviposition deterrents. Innovative formulations, including micro- and nanostructured delivery systems, are also highlighted. In addition, the non-target effects of these biosolutions are considered, and their practical feasibility is evaluated. Finally, we identify key research challenges aimed at improving the efficacy, safety, and practical applicability of these tools, which are essential for the development of more sustainable mosquito control strategies.