Competence Confusions: Why the Vertical Division of Competences Cannot Constrain the Court’s Interpretation of EU Law

Vertical division of competences as a limit for the Court’s interpretation of EU law – Distinction between Union competences and institutional powers – Distinction between ‘Verbandskompetenz’ and ‘Organkompetenz’ – Principles of conferral, subsidiarity, and proportionality – Article 5 TEU – Retained powers – ‘Compétences encadrées’ – Jurisdiction – Judicial function – Difference between legislating and adjudicating – Judicial development of the law – ‘Rechtsfortbildung’ – Deference – Margin of appreciation