Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Bridging Science and Therapeutics

Abstract Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are considered an important advancement in the field of targeted cancer therapy, integrating monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic payloads to eliminate cancer cells while reducing damage to healthy cells and tissues. These drugs have evolved significantly since the United States Food and Drug Administration approved gemtuzumab ozogamicin in 2000, utilizing modern linkers and nanotechnology to enhance efficacy and stability. The structure of an ADC consists of an antibody, a linker, and a cytotoxic payload. ADCs use antigen–antibody reactions to internalize and release cytotoxic agents into cancer cells, resulting in cell death. Recent advances in linker development and conjugation chemistry have significantly improved specificity, drug–antibody ratio, and pharmacokinetics of these therapeutic drugs. However, complexities such as drug resistance and cytotoxicity persist. The utilization of artificial intelligence in the field of ADCs has sped up the process of drug development, focusing on enhanced efficacy, potency, toxicity, and stability. Despite a promising future, consistent research study is needed to improve ADC design and efficacy as their application in cancer therapy is diversified. This review explores the structure, mechanism, and utility of ADCs, as well as future challenges and opportunities in cancer medicine.