Xanthogranulomatous Mastitis: A Rare and Unusual Presentation

Abstract Xanthogranulomatous mastitis (XGM) is a rare, benign inflammatory breast condition that often mimics breast cancer both clinically and radiologically. It typically presents with pain, swelling, erythema, and mass formation and may be associated with infections or trauma. Due to its similarity to malignancy, accurate diagnosis is crucial to avoid unnecessary procedures. A 33-year-old woman presented with a painful, erythematous mass in her left breast. Imaging studies, including ultrasound imaging, raised suspicion of a possible malignant lesion due to raised parenchymal echogenicity and increased vascularity in the mass. A fine needle aspiration biopsy, however, revealed benign breast disease and required further histological correlation. On histopathology, granulomatous inflammation with lipid-laden macrophages was seen, confirming XGM. XGM, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory breast masses. Early identification and conservative treatment can lead to excellent outcomes, preventing unnecessary surgeries. Awareness of this condition is essential for effective management.