Artificial Intelligence as a Tool in Cognitive Warfare on Digital Platforms

Cognitive warfare uses selective framing, AI and ICT to manipulate cognition, exploit vulnerabilities, and influence beliefs and decisions. AI supports both offensive and defensive cognitive warfare, feeding into kinetic warfare through psychological tactics. Cognitive warfare is immersive and long-term, often unnoticed, even via trusted actors. As AI and ICT evolve, unpredictable uses will emerge, raising ethical, legal, and moral challenges that demand multidisciplinary research. Future warfare will involve complex trade-offs, while democracies must prevent adversaries from weaponizing these tools—by using them strategically themselves.