Digital transformation in supply chains: improving resilience and sustainability through AI, Blockchain, and IoT

Background Global supply chains are increasingly challenged by disruptions, environmental pressures, and evolving market demands, necessitating a strong digital transformation. This study explores how the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing supply chain management (SCM) by improving operational efficiency, transparency, resilience, and sustainability. Methods Adhering to the PRISMA framework, a systematic review of literature published between 2010 and 2024 was undertaken. Comprehensive searches were conducted in Scopus database. The collected literature was rigorously screened and analyzed using Atlas-ti software to identify recurring themes and assess the synergistic impact of AI, Blockchain, and IoT on supply chain operations. Results The review reveals that digital transformation significantly improves SCM through improved demand forecasting, optimized inventory management, and real-time decision-making capabilities. AI provides predictive insights that mitigate risks and streamline processes, Blockchain offers secure, transparent, and immutable records that improve trust and traceability, and IoT enables real-time monitoring and connectivity across the supply chain network. Despite these benefits, challenges remain, including cybersecurity vulnerabilities, interoperability with legacy systems, and the need for workforce upskilling. Conclusion The integration of AI, Blockchain, and IoT into SCM presents a compelling pathway toward creating more resilient and sustainable supply chains. The paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and challenges associated with these digital technologies and provides strategic recommendations for practitioners and policymakers to encourage a balanced, technology-driven, and sustainable supply chain ecosystem. JEL codes O33, M11, M15