The Complex Interplay Between Alcohol Consumption and Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Experimental Models and Clinical Studies

Background: This review examines how different patterns of alcohol consumption—moderate, acute, and chronic—affect the development and management of diabetes mellitus, based on experimental and clinical studies. Methods and Results: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and gray literature sources. Alcohol impacts diabetes pathophysiology, notably insulin resistance and β-cell function. Chronic heavy drinking worsens glucose tolerance and promotes diabetes progression. In contrast, moderate intake with meals may enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce cardiovascular risk. Acute alcohol use, especially without food, can cause hypoglycemia. Effects vary depending on the dose, timing, and individual health. Conclusions: Alcohol has both beneficial and harmful effects on diabetes. Moderate consumption may help, but chronic use increases risks. Personalized medical advice is essential for safe alcohol use in diabetic patients.