Protocol for a Realist Review of mHealth in Lung Cancer Screening: Understanding Mechanisms, Contexts, and Intervention Characteristics for Enhanced Participation

<ns3:p>Introduction Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, is often diagnosed at advanced stages leading to a poorer prognosis. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions, which are healthcare technology utilizing mobile or other wireless technology, promise enhanced early detection by optimising lung cancer screening (LCS) implementation. However, their efficacy across various patient demographics and the underlying mechanisms that influence LCS success remain unclear and underexplored. Aim To explore the efficacy of mHealth interventions in promoting LCS uptake, focusing on patient demographics, intervention characteristics, and the underlying mechanisms and contexts influencing their effectiveness. Methods This realist review will employ an iterative literature search in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Selected studies will be assessed for relevance and rigour, extracting data on mHealth features, patient demographics, and intervention outcomes. Data will be analysed thematically to describe relationships between intervention mechanisms, contexts, and outcomes. Additionally, engagement from key stakeholders, including health experts and patients, will be sought during the synthesis phase. Conclusion This review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of how and why mHealth interventions can influence LCS uptake and be effective across different patient demographics. These findings will provide insights into optimising mHealth interventions for LCS, potentially leading to earlier detections and improved patient outcomes.</ns3:p>