Sublethal effects of cyfluthrin, atrazine, and prothioconazole on the development of <scp>European</scp> bumblebee ( <i>Bombus terrestris</i> ) colonies

These findings demonstrate the cyfluthrin exerts relatively mild effects, atrazine negatively impacts colony growth, and prothioconazole may unexpectedly enhance colony development. Current policy debates on pollinator safety largely emphasize neonicotinoids. However, our results highlight the need to consider the risks associated with other pesticide classes. Evaluating impacts on managed non-Apis species such as B. terrestris is particularly important for developing sustainable crop protection strategies that balance agricultural productivity with pollinator health. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.