The development status of entrustable professional activities-based curricula in orthopedic and neurosurgical spinal surgery: a systematic review

EPA-based curricula in spinal surgery remain largely undeveloped. While conceptual frameworks exist, their implementation into structured residency programs is still in its infancy. This review provides a foundational overview of the existing EPAs and methodological approaches, offering a reference point for future curriculum development. Collaborative initiatives among professional societies are strongly encouraged to define, validate, and implement specialty-specific EPAs for spinal surgery, fostering competency-based education and improving training outcomes.