Health system capacity for infectious disease pandemic response in low- and lower-middle-income countries: Insights from national health facility surveys

Therapeutic capacity represents a critical vulnerability in LLMIC health systems. Non-hospital facilities, which serve as the backbone of service delivery in these settings, demonstrated particularly low capacity levels. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted investment in facility-level infrastructure, particularly therapeutic resources in non-hospital facilities, to strengthen pandemic preparedness in LLMICs.