Multi-objective statistical optimization of high-refractive-index photocurable slurry for precision digital light processing of technical ceramics

A sequential response-surface framework is proposed for the multi-objective optimization of photocurable slurries used in the digital light processing of technical ceramics. D-optimal experimental designs spanning oligomer/monomer/diluent classes simultaneously maximize refractive index and cure depth while minimising viscosity, identifying an EA-PEGDA-NVP system superior to alternative chemistries. A subsequent D-optimal design refines the component ratio, further increasing cure depth and suppressing viscosity, thereby widening the processing window relative to commercial benchmark resins. Formulation robustness is validated through defect-free printing of sub-100 μm through-holes in LTCC and successful shaping of strongly scattering AlN and MgTiO 3 -CaTiO 3 ceramics, demonstrating broad applicability. Compared with conventional one-factor-at-a-time screening, the sequential RSM-D-optimal protocol markedly reduces the number of experimental runs, providing a generic workflow for the precision additive manufacturing of optically demanding ceramics.