Post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

Abstract Background Multiple Myeloma (MM) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are hematologic malignancies contributing to over 100,000 new cancer cases annually in the U.S. MM, a plasma cell cancer, accounts for 1.8% of new cases. At the same time, NHL, affecting primarily individuals over 60, represents 4% of diagnoses. Advances in therapy have improved survival rates, but these cancers are associated with high recurrence rates, chronic disease progression, and significant psychosocial burdens, including cancer-related post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD adversely impacts survivors' quality of life, treatment adherence, and overall survival, yet screening remains uncommon in oncology. Limited research exists on PTSD in MM and NHL survivors, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities, who may face higher risks. This study evaluated PTSD prevalence among MM and NHL survivors in New Mexico, leveraging the state's diverse population to explore risk factors, patient experiences, and protective mechanisms. Methods The study included 77 MM and NHL survivors, all at least two years post-diagnosis, recruited from the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center. Participants completed self-administered surveys, including the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5), and a subset (n=7) participated in in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using statistical software, while qualitative data were coded thematically to identify patterns and insights into survivors' experiences. Results: PTSD was identified in 20.78% of participants, with recurrent disease being a significant predictor (p<0.05). Survivors described the cancer diagnosis as a traumatic event, with fear of recurrence and hypervigilance being common themes. Symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, sleep disturbances, and anxiety triggered by treatment reminders were frequently reported. Coping strategies included seeking support from family and friends, engaging in physical activity, and utilizing counseling or medical cannabis. However, many survivors noted that initial support waned over time, leading to feelings of isolation. Interestingly, demographic factors like age, gender, income, and education did not significantly influence PTSD risk, suggesting that cultural or familial coping mechanisms may provide resilience. Conclusion: Routine PTSD screening should be incorporated into survivorship care, particularly for patients with recurrent disease. Evidence-based interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness- based stress reduction, should be made available to address psychological distress. Additionally, culturally tailored support programs are essential to meet the needs of minority populations. By addressing PTSD, healthcare providers can improve survivors' quality of life, enhance treatment adherence, and ensure equitable care for all cancer survivors.