SOBV-FEF: secure lightweight data offloading base in blockchain technology for internet of vehicles enabled handover UAVs within a Fog-Edge federation

The Internet of Things (IoT) has improved efficiency and quality of life by connecting devices to the internet. It has seen success in areas such as smart vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), but faces processing limitations due to the need to send large amounts of data to other devices for processing. When heavy processing is required, it uses offloading techniques to send the data to other devices for processing. Secure data offloading transmission remains a fundamental challenge in this field. This paper presents an innovative authentication and key exchange method that uses Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and incorporates Handover for secure offloading, offering a safe, lightweight solution within a blockchain network. To evaluate the resistance of the proposed scheme against active and passive attacks, we employed the AVISPA tool to apply both formal and informal methods. Subsequently, to demonstrate the scheme's lightweight nature, we examined it with respect to computation and communication costs, the number of bits used, and security requirements. Additionally, we simulated the proposed scheme using the NS3 tool in two scenarios: urban and highway, with varying numbers of vehicles. The results indicate that the proposed scheme performs acceptably in urban and highway scenarios.