Multi-criteria assessment of connection strategies for the reuse of demolition concrete rubble in circular architecture

The reuse of demolition concrete rubble (DCR) offers a significant opportunity to advance circular construction, particularly in urban environments where medium-sized fragments (146–300 mm) are prevalent. This study fills a critical gap by developing and validating a systematic evaluation framework that assesses four connection methods—stacking, wet joint (mortar), dry joint (dowel), and exoskeleton (gabion)—for DCR reuse. Using Design Science Research methodology, we designed, built, and tested standardized prototypes for wall, column, and arch typologies, quantitatively assessing nine parameters: structural performance, disassembly potential, adaptability, and sustainability, etc. Results show that while mortar offers adaptability, it lacks reversibility; dowels provide a balance of strength and precision. Stacking serves as a primary bonding interface, often combined with mechanical connections, while gabions demonstrated over 70 % of shear capacity. This framework integrates empirical testing and explores hybrid joint systems to enhance DCR reuse efficiency and promote material circularity. • Proposes a framework for evaluating connection strategies in concrete rubble reuse. • Uses physical prototypes to empirically validate performance of four joint methods. • Identifies trade-offs between reversibility, strength, and constructability in DCR reuse. • Demonstrates dowel and gabion systems' potential for structural circular construction. • Suggests hybrid and AI-assisted strategies to enhance rubble reuse in architecture.