Effect of Tincal Particle Reinforcement on the Tribological Behaviors of Polyester and Vinyl Ester Composites

Abstract Composite materials, widely utilized across diverse industries, comprise various reinforcement phases (fibrous or particulate) and matrix phases (polymeric, ceramic, or metallic). However, thermoset polymers, notably polyester and vinyl ester resins, may experience a decrease in strength over time. This wear-induced weakening renders materials susceptible to external factors, leading to structural damage. To mitigate these effects, research has often focused on resin modification, frequently involving the incorporation of particles. These particles enhance the material's wear resistance when integrated into the resin matrix. However, studies on the wear behaviors of polyester and vinyl ester resins are limited. This study experimentally investigated the wear properties of polyester and vinyl ester resins reinforced with tincal particles. Results showed that the addition of tincal improved the wear performance of both resins. For vinyl ester, the optimal enhancement occurred at 1 wt% tincal, resulting in a reduction of the coefficient of friction by ∼30% and an improvement in wear resistance by about 20%. Polyester composites exhibited a steady progress up to 3 wt% tincal, resulting in nearly 40% lower friction compared to the pure resin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed smoother worn surfaces and fewer grooves in tincal-filled samples. These findings highlight tincal as a cost-effective, naturally abundant filler that enhances the tribological durability of thermosetting resin composites.