Omitting patients with no follow-up leads to bias when using inverse-intensity weighted GEEs to handle irregular and informative assessment times

Studies should be designed to ensure patients with no follow-up are included in the data. This can be achieved by a) creating inception cohorts; b) when taking sub-samples of existing cohorts, ensuring that patients without follow-up assessments are included; c) dropping exclusion criteria based on availability of follow-up visits.

Authors

Xiawen Zhang
Eleanor Pullenayegum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4265-1330)
Anna Heath (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-4251)
Wei Xu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-8856)

Institutions

University Health Network (CA)
University of Toronto (CA)
Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (CA)
Public Health Ontario (CA)
Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (CA)

Publication Details

Journal: BMC Medical Research Methodology
Published: 2025-12-04
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-025-02721-z
Primary Topic: Medication Adherence and Compliance
Type: article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact: 0.00

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article

Omitting patients with no follow-up leads to bias when using inverse-intensity weighted GEEs to handle irregular and informative assessment times

Xiawen Zhang, Eleanor Pullenayegum, Anna Heath, Wei Xu

Dec 4, 2025

BMC Medical Research Methodology

Medication Adherence and Compliance

article

Omitting patients with no follow-up leads to bias when using inverse-intensity weighted GEEs to handle irregular and informative assessment times

Xiawen Zhang, Eleanor Pullenayegum, Anna Heath, Wei Xu

December 4, 2025article en

Abstract

Studies should be designed to ensure patients with no follow-up are included in the data. This can be achieved by a) creating inception cohorts; b) when taking sub-samples of existing cohorts, ensuring that patients without follow-up assessments are included; c) dropping exclusion criteria based on availability of follow-up visits.

BMC Medical Research MethodologyVol. 26(1)

University Health Network (CA), University of Toronto (CA), Hospital for Sick Children (CA), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (CA), Public Health Ontario (CA), Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (CA)

Openalex Percentile: Top 55%

Medication Adherence and Compliance

DOI Open Access PDF OpenAlex

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Omitting patients with no follow-up leads to bias when using inverse-intensity weighted GEEs to handle irregular and informative assessment times — Xiawen Zhang, Eleanor Pullenayegum, et al. · BMC Medical Research Methodology (2025) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS