Advances in Pharmacological Insights of <i>Borago officinalis</i> : A Comprehensive Review

ABSTRACT Recent growth in phytotherapy and product‐based drug development has increased interest in this plant because of its broad pharmacological activity. This review aims to examine the pharmacological activities, mechanisms, and potential applications of Borago officinalis , focusing on its primary bioactive constituents and therapeutic implications across various disease models. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer‐reviewed publications from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The selected articles comprise both preclinical and clinical studies investigating the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of Borago officinalis and its constituents, including gamma‐linolenic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol. Borago officinalis shows significant properties, including anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, liver‐protective, antimicrobial, anticancer, brain‐protective, metabolic, and skin‐healing effects. The plant works mainly by controlling inflammation signals, blocking inflammatory pathways (NF‐κB and COX‐2), improving antioxidant defenses, and activating beneficial proteins (PPAR‐γ and NRF2). Lab studies and molecular analysis confirm how it works by showing where it binds to important targets in the body. Clinical studies prove it is safe and effective for treating skin conditions, PMS, and diabetes‐related inflammation, though larger studies are still needed. While B. officinalis shows promise as a natural medicine, it still needs proper standardization, safety testing, and clinical development before widespread medical use.