Chemical constituents and their anti-inflammatory potential of <i>Urceola polymorpha</i> leaves

<i>Urceola polymorpha</i> is traditionally employed as both a food source and medicinal remedy in Vietnam and several other Southeast Asian countries. This study presents a comprehensive phytochemical investigation that resulted in the separation of a new compound, along with 14 additional compounds previously unreported in this species. Their structures were identified by the application of advanced spectroscopic techniques. In <i>in vitro</i> assays, isolated compounds significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production, and iNOS expression levels in RAW264.7 cells, indicating potential anti-inflammatory activity. Among them, compounds <b>10</b> and <b>11</b> exhibited the most potential for inhibitory effects. <i>In silico</i> approaches suggested that active compounds may interact with proteins involved in inflammation. Our findings not only support the phytochemical profile of <i>U. polymorpha</i> but also utilise its ethnopharmacological applications, highlighting its promise as a candidate for the development of functional foods and therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation-related disorders.