Evolutionary relationships of Schistosoma haematobium and its intermediate Bulinus hosts

In this research, the phylogenetic relationships of the Schistosoma haematobium clade as well as the relationships of its intermediate hosts were investigated. BLAST results of the COX1 gene revealed that S. haematobium DQ677664.1 shares 89.8% identity with S. guineensis DQ677663.1, 88.1% identity with S. bovis, and 84.1% identity with S. intercalatum DQ354364.1. S. haematobium is derived from East Africa in Lake Victoria, Kenya, Tanzania, or Uganda. In this research, it was derived from Kenya, meaning that S. haematobium first appeared in Lake Victoria, Kenya, East Africa. The African mainland S. haematonium and the Indian Ocean Islands S. haematobium have low genetic diversity. S. haematobium can infect B. truncatus, B. globosus, B. forskalii, B. nasutus, and B. nasutus productus. S. bovis infects B. tropicus. For the intermediate hosts, nucleotide BLAST sequences were conducted in the COX1 gene and the mitochondrial complete genome. There are four new subspecies that were found. For example, the nucleotide BLAST result reveals that Tanzania B. nasutus MT380560.1 shares approximately 91% identity with Oman B. wrighti AM286318.1. B. wrighti is the same species as B. nasutus in the Indian Ocean Islands. It should be named B. nasutus wrighti.