Application of blender modeling techniques in the restoration of 3D morphology of fossil insects reconstructed via micro-computed tomography

Abstract The Cretaceous Period represents a critical juncture in the evolution of insects, however, taphonomic biases associated with amber preservation obscure essential morphological evidence necessary for deciphering macroevolutionary dynamics. Although microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) provides high-resolution imaging, its limitations in reconstructing fragmented amber fossils necessitate innovative solutions. This study introduces an open-source multimodal framework that integrates Blender 4.2 with micro-CT volumetric data and 2D optical imaging to restore the morphological characteristics of compromised specimens. Using a mid-Cretaceous soldier beetle ( Sanaugulus sp.) from Burmese amber as a case study, we successfully achieved digital reconstruction of the elytra, antennae, pronotum, and legs through skeletal rigging techniques and HDR (High-Dynamic Range)-optimized visualization methods. By addressing taphonomic constraints and facilitating exploration within evolutionary morphospace, this framework tackles critical challenges in paleontological imaging while improving methodological accessibility through open source tools. It effectively bridges interpretative gaps present in compromised fossil specimens, thereby advancing future research endeavors in paleoecology, phylogenetic analysis, and biomechanical modeling. The capacity to generate museum-ready 3D models with interactive articulation ranges positions this framework as a transformative tool for both macroevolutionary research and public engagement in studies concerning deep-time biodiversity.