A dataset of rice yield traits and key phenological periods from a long-term fertilization positioning experiment in double-cropping rice fields in red soil areas from 1981 to 2020

<p indent="0mm">Compared with short-term monitoring, high-quality long-term observation data is more valuable, as they reflect the long-term impact of environmental changes or human activities. Established in 1981, the long-term fertilization positioning experiment of double season rice fields provides an excellent platform for monitoring the dynamic changes in yield and growth periods of early and late rice. This dataset is sourced from monitoring data of 9 fertilization treatments: single application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), nitrogen and potassium (NK), nitrogen and phosphorus potassium (NPK), double nitrogen and phosphorus potassium application, combined chemical and organic fertilization (using purple cloud fern for early rice and pig manure for late rice), and no-fertilization control (CK). The dataset includes measurements of yield, sowing period, transplanting period, panicle initiation period, maturity period, and growth period durations for both early and late rice. Covering the period 1981–2020, the data were collected, recorded, entered, verified, stored, and reviewed by different personnel over time following a standardized management protocol, and include comprehensive background information of the experimental plots and data collection methods. This dataset provides information on the trends in rice growth and development under continuous application of chemical fertilizers in double cropping rice fields in red soil areas, and offers precise data support for scientific fertilization strategies and high-yield management of rice in the region.