Latent space-based network analysis for brain–behavior linking in neuroimaging

We propose a latent space-based statistical network analysis (LatentSNA) method that implements network science in a generative Bayesian framework, preserves neurologically meaningful brain topology and improves statistical power for imaging biomarker detection. LatentSNA (1) addresses the lack of power and inflated type II errors in current analytic approaches when detecting imaging biomarkers, (2) allows unbiased estimation of the influence of biomarkers on behavioral variants, (3) quantifies uncertainty and evaluates the likelihood of estimated biomarker effects against chance and (4) improves brain-behavior prediction in new samples as well as the clinical utility of neuroimaging findings. LatentSNA is broadly applicable across multiple imaging modalities and outcome measures in developing, aging and transdiagnostic cohorts, totaling 8,003 to 11,861 participants. LatentSNA achieves substantial accuracy gains (averaging 110-150%) and replicability improvements (averaging 153%) over existing approaches in moderate to large datasets. As a result, LatentSNA elucidates how network topology is implicated in brain-behavior relationships.