Synergizing biomaterials and cellular molecular pathways: a new frontier in hair follicle generation

Despite significant advances in our understanding of hair follicle cycling and regeneration, creating fully functional hair follicles with active cycling capabilities remains a considerable challenge for clinical applications. This literature review aims to explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern hair follicle development and cycling, highlighting key signaling pathways involved in these processes. We also discuss biomaterials and emerging regenerative strategies that show promise for biofabricating hair follicles. Specifically, we summarize current research on innovative techniques such as hair micropatterning models, hair follicle organoids, three-dimensional printing of microneedle arrays, microfollicle generation, and biofabrication technologies. This review emphasizes the necessity of a multifaceted approach that integrates stem cell research and tissue engineering technologies to optimize hair follicle regeneration and enhance therapeutic outcomes.