Modern biotechnological approaches to enhance plant responses to abiotic stresses

Abiotic and biotic stresses are major global challenges that reduce plant productivity, quality and sustainability worldwide. These stresses threaten global food security as the human population continues to grow. These stresses threaten global food supply in the current era of increasing population. Stresses negatively affect the normal growth and development of plants. They are mainly divided into 2 groups: abiotic and biotic stress. In particular, abiotic stresses lead to impaired growth and development of plants, disruption of the photosynthesis process and water regime. High temperatures lead to protein denaturation and decreased enzyme activity, while low temperatures lead to membrane damage. Abiotic stressors are one of the primary elements influencing the growth and production of major agricultural income crops. Environmental elements that cause physiological and biochemical pain in plants include salinity, drought, low temperature, heavy metals and chemical pollution. This article examines biotechnological approaches that use modern genetic engineering technologies such as RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9 systems to improve plant resilience to abiotic stressors. RNAi plays a crucial role in activating plantdefence mechanisms by modulating the expression of stress-responsive genes, whereas CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows for the creation of new, stress-tolerant types by introducing precise alterations in the genome. These biotechnologies have significant potential to develop stable, high-yielding and stress-resilient crops. Overall, this review summarizes recent advances in RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for improving plant resilience to abiotic stresses.